Four hundred fifty day old unsexed brOILer chicks were used in a 35-day trial at Chittagong veterinary and animal sciences university farm to find out the effect of using crude SOYBEAN OIL sediment (CSOS) as a substitute for refined SOYBEAN OIL (RSO) in brOILer diet. The experiment was carried out following completely randomized design. The chicks were randomly distributed in three treatment groups having three replications per treatment. Each replication had 50 birds. The house was divided by wire net into nine compartments to maintain desired replication. Birds were fed three types of diet i.e. diet without CSOS and RSO (T0), diet containing RSO (T1) and diet containing CSOS (T2). All birds had free access to ad libitum feeding. Results indicated that no variations (P<0.05) were observed in weight gain of birds for the 1st and 2nd week except at 3rd, 4th and 5th week irrespective of dietary treatments. At 5th week, average weight gain was maximum (73.7±2.1 g/d) in birds fed diet containing RSO (T1) and minimum (65.6±2.7 g/d) in birds fed diet without CSOS and RSO (T0). Similar to weight gain, average feed intake differed (P<0.01) and the mean values were 55.3±2.1, 50.5±1.9 and 53.4±2.0 g at 2nd week, 92.5±3.1, 83.4±2.3 and 84.4±2.2 g at 3rd week and 116.4±2.3, 114.5±1.9 and 120.4±2.7 g at the 4th week for T0, T1 and T2 treatment groups, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) differed (P<0.05) only at 5th week and the mean values were 2.03±0.12, 1.80±0.11 and 1.90±0.09 for T0, T1 and T2 treatment groups, respectively. Best feed FCR (1.80±0.11) was found in birds fed diet containing RSO (T1) and comparatively poor FCR (2.03±0.12) was found in birds fed diet without CSOS and RSO (T0). It could therefore be inferred that, RSO may be replaced by CSOS in brOILer diet.

In the present study, we investigated the ability of an immobilized phospholipase A1 (PLA1) in degumming of SOYBEAN OIL. The enzyme was immobilized by simple adsorption on bentonite without any further modification. The free and immobilized PLA1 were characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The immobilization of PLA1 lowered the Energy of Activation (EA) from 155. 64 to 27. 13 kJ/mol, resulting in higher catalytic efficiency of PLA1. Thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme was found to be higher compared to free PLA1. Moreover, under the condition of pH 5. 5 and T = 50 ° C, the phosphorus content was reduced to less than 10 ppm after 4-5 h for free PLA1 and after 7 h for immobilized PLA1.

Background: It has been considered by researchers to study the possibility of replacing chemical food additives such as synthetic antioxidants by natural products especially medicinal plants.Objective: The aims of this study were as follow: (i) to determine the major components of the essential OIL of Lavandula angustifolia. (ii) to evaluate the antiradical activities of this essential OIL by DPPH°, ABTS°+and β-carotene bleaching assays and (iii) to evaluate the antioxidant activity of this essential OIL in crude SOYBEAN OIL.Methods: The main chemical components of essential OIL were identified by GC/MS. Antiradical an activity of mentioned essential OIL was measured by different methods and finally, its antioxidant activity was determined in crude SOYBEAN OIL system by Oven method.Results: Six main compounds were identified: linalool (27.89%), camphore (10.82%), 1, 8 cineol (9.05%), inalol acetate (8.86%), borneol (7.29%) and a-terpineol (5.04%). EC50 of essential OIL was 35.54±1.58 mg/ml. In ABTS°+ assay, maximum antioxidant activity was related to 40 mg/ml concentration of essential OIL. In β-carotene bleaching assay, maximum antioxidant activity of essential OIL was related to the 10 mg/ml concentration of it (54.4 percent radical scavenging activity). In oven test, essential OIL could inhibit of primary and secondary oxidation products of crude SOYBEAN OIL at 0.8 mg/ml that was almost equal to BHA at 0.2 mg/ml.Conclusion: Antiradical activity of essential OIL of Lavandula angustifolia was proved and it seems that after complementary examination, it can be used as natural antioxidant in food, especially those containing edible OILs.

Six hundred day old unsexed brOILer chicks were used in a 35-day trial to compare the effects of SOYBEAN OIL, palm OIL and fish OIL supplementation on the performance of brOILers in terms of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The chicks were randomly distributed following a completely randomized design in four groups having three replications per treatment. Each treatment had 150 birds with 50 birds per replicate. Four diets were formulated using locally available ingredients as diet without OIL, diet containing 3.0% SOYBEAN OIL, 3.0% palm OIL and 3.0% fish OIL. Results indicated that supplementation of different types of OIL did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake of brOILers up to 2nd week except increased (P<0.05) at 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks. Live weight gain of brOILers did not differ (P>0.05) among groups up to 3rd week of age except at 4th week. The highest live weight gain at 4th week was found in 3.0% fish OIL supplemented group. The palm OIL group showed the least feed conversion value that differed only from fish OIL group. Feed cost per brOILer receiving fish OIL was higher than that of without OIL, palm OIL and SOYBEAN OIL groups. Total cost per brOILer also differed (P<0.01) among the groups. Net profit expressed in US$ per kg live weight of brOILers did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. Maximum net profit was obtained from birds fed diet containing palm OIL and minimum from brOILers fed diet containing SOYBEAN OIL. It was concluded that supplementation of fish OIL at 3.0% level gave slightly higher live weight gain and feed conversion than those of the same level of SOYBEAN and palm OIL. However, net profit as well as price per kg live brOILer was comparatively higher in palm OIL supplementation than in SOYBEAN OIL and fish OIL.

In this investigation the synthesis of biodiesel from SOYBEAN OIL by assistance of low frequency ultrasound waves (24 kHz) was studied. The influence of different parameters on reaction progress was studied and was compared with the traditional method. The results showed that using ultrasonic waves could produce biodiesel with 98% conversion in methanol/OIL molar ratio of 6:1 and 0.5 wt. % catalysts in reaction mixture, and 10 minutes reaction time at temperature 25oC. The results showed the significant decrease in reaction time and temperature in compare with traditional method. A continuous system was made by assistance of ultrasonic waves to produce biodiesel with high conversion in a reduced condition of time and temperature in atmospheric pressure. The physical factors, engine performance and exhaust emissions was also studied.

Background and Objective: Degumming is the first step of OIL refining, and aims to remove phospholipids from OIL that can be done in several ways. In this study, enzymatic degumming of SOYBEAN OIL was carried out as a novel method with the aim of finding the best conditions to reduce the amount of phosphorus.Materials and Methods: Crude SOYBEAN OIL was degummed with different amounts of water (1, 2, 3 and 4%), and the amount of phosphorus, free fatty acid content and induction period were determined. Since degumming with 3% water makes the best result in the reduction of phosphorus amount, crude and degummed (with 3% water) SOYBEAN OILs were degummed by using 30 or 50 ppm enzyme; Lecitase Ultra. Phosphorus, free fatty acid content and stability were determined before and after the treatments.Result: The greatest decrease in phosphorus content was obtained by degumming with 3% of water such that the amount of phosphorus increased from 497.22 ppm in crude OIL to 117.82 ppm in the degummed OIL; which indicates 76.3% decline. The results indicated that enzymatic degumming of crude SOYBEAN OIL, containing a significant amount of phospholipids, is not an appropriate method, while the OIL degummed with 3% water, containing lower amounts of phospholipids (117.82 ppm), was further degummed with Lecitase Ultra. Regardless of differences in enzyme dose (30 or 50 ppm), the amount of phosphorus reduced to less than 70 ppm.Conclusion: Enzymatic degumming of crude SOYBEAN OIL, which contains a significant amount of phospholipids seemingly is not a suitable method; however, it might be used as a supplementary method for additional degumming.

In this research, the application of walnut shell ash, as an adsorbent for SOYBEAN OIL bleaching, has been investigated. Therefore, neutralized SOYBEAN OIL was bleached with 1 and 2% of walnut shell ash as well as commercial bleaching earth. Then, a series of chemical tests such as amounts of carotenoids, chlorophylls, peroxide value, and free fatty acid content of bleached OILs and OIL retention of adsorbents were determined. The results indicated that bleaching with 2% walnut shell ash reduced carotenoids and chlorophyll contents up to 37. 46 and 33. 4%, respectively. Moreover, the red and yellow colors reduced in the OIL bleached with 2% walnut shell ash and reached to 1. 23 and 50 Lovibond, respectively. The OIL retention by walnut shell ash (36. 99%) was significantly lower than commercial bleaching earth (45. 33%). Therefore, as a food waste, walnut shell ash can be used alone or in combination with acid activated earths or activated carbons for OIL bleaching as a low cost adsorbent.